class 12 English guide/grade 12 English guide /Class 12 English note/NEB English guide

Class :12

Grade 12
English
Unit 5 Education
A Story of My Childhood
A Complete Guide to all the exercises

From Unit: 1 to 5
A Complete Guide to all the grammatical Exercises

Unit 1

Critical thinking

Here are the sentences with the appropriate question tags added:

a. Gill does not know Ann, does she?

b. I’m very patient, aren’t I?

c. They’d never met me before, had they?

d. Listen carefully, won’t you?

e. Let’s have a break, shall we?

f. Let us invite them, shall we?

g. Hari used to live in France as a boy, didn’t he?

h. You’d better not take a hard drink, had you?

i. Sheep eat grass, don’t they?

j. Mr. Pande can speak nine languages, can’t he?

k. She’s finished her classes, hasn’t she?

l. She barely managed to reach the goal, did she?

m. Don’t let him swim in that pond, will you?

n. There are lots of people here, aren’t there?

• C. Read the following situations. What do you say in these situations? Use question tags.

• The sky is full of cloud. You can see lightning and hear thunder.It’s going to rain soon, isn’t it?

b. You want to pay the taxi fare, but you are short by 100 rupees.Shyam, you don’t have 100 rupees, do you?

c. You have met a stranger at a party and you want to have a chat with him/her.We haven’t met before, have we?

d. You came out of the film hall with your friend. You enjoyed the film.The film was great, wasn’t it?

e. You and your friend listened to a comedian on the stage and felt spellbound by his/her performance.He gave an excellent performance, didn’t he?

f. You think your friend’s father has arrived from the US, but you are not sure.Your father has arrived from the US, hasn’t he?

g. You think Susan will join the new job tomorrow, but you are not sure.Susan will join the new job tomorrow, won’t she?

h. Your friend’s hair looks too short.You have got your hair cut, haven’t you?

• You want to go for a picnic with your friends in class.Let’s go for a picnic, shall we?

j. You want permission from your father to go for a walk.Let me go for a walk, will you

Here’s how you might express disappointment in these situations:

a. "I’m really upset I missed your birthday party. I was so looking forward to it, but I just couldn’t make it because I was unwell."

b. "I can’t believe this! I was all set to get to school on time, but then I found the tyre of my bicycle flat. Such bad luck!"

c. "I was so excited about our picnic, but now it’s pouring with rain. This is really disappointing."

d. "We were so eager to watch the new film, but it’s all sold out. I’m really disappointed we couldn’t get in."

e. "I’m really disappointed I didn’t secure an A grade in English. I worked so hard, and I was hoping for better results."

A. Match the words in column ‘A’ with their meanings in column ‘B’.(answer only)

Column 'A' Column 'B'

a. expectantly vi. in a way that shows you are hoping for something, especially something good or exciting

b. beckon viii. to give a signal to somebody to move nearer or to follow you

c. grapple v. to try hard to find a solution to a problem

d. texture ii. the way food or drink tastes or feels in your mouth

e. cobbled vii. having a surface that is made of small round stones

f. flimsy iv. thin and easily torn

g. attire i. clothes, especially fine or formal ones

h. marvelous ix. extremely good; wonderful

i. dynamics iii. the science of the forces involved in movement

B. Meanings of the following words related to people’s life stories:

Hagiography: A biography that treats its subject with undue reverence.

Psychobiography: A biographical approach that combines psychological and biographical analysis.

Pathography: A biography that focuses on the subject's struggles and suffering.

Chronicle: A factual written account of important or historical events in the order of their occurrence.

Obituary: A notice of a person's death, typically including a brief biography.

Character Sketch: A brief description of a person's character and personality traits.

Profile: A brief description or summary of a person's life and characteristics.

Memoir: A historical account or biography written from personal knowledge or special sources.

C. An intonation refers to the way the voice rises and falls when speaking. They

can be rising, falling, rising-falling or falling-rising. Listen to your teacher

reading the following sentences and find out their intonation patterns.

• I have some good news for you! - ↑ (Rising intonation often indicates a question or expectation of a response)

• I was so pleased to hear this result. - ↓ (Falling intonation often indicates a completed statement)

• My mother would have a hot meal ready. - ↓ (Falling intonation for a declarative sentence)

• The whole class went to the seashore of Rameswaram. - ↓ (Falling intonation for a declarative sentence)

• Who knew that a Muslim and a Hindu boy could not sit together? - ↑ (Rising intonation in a question)

• He also explained to us how they change direction while flying. - ↓

g)He asked the other students whether they had understood or not. - ↑ (Rising intonation for a yes/no question)

h)Where is the engine in this bird? - ↑ (Rising intonation for a question)

i)How can I progress further in learning all about flight? - ↑ (Rising intonation for a question)

j)Should I go to engineering college where I would be able to learn about flight. - ↑ (Rising intonation for a question

A. Chronological Order of Events in the Life of Abdul Kalam

• c. Abdul Kalam attended an elementary school at Rameswaram.

• f. One day Abdul Kalam’s teacher visited them to share his pride and pleasure about his performance.

• a. They celebrated happiness with poli.

• e. Many students did not understand well of Sivasubramania Iyer’s lecture.

• d. He then took the students to the seashore for a practical class.

• b. Abdul Kalam was determined that he would make a future study about flight and flight systems.

• g. A new teacher in the school forbade Abdul Kalam to sit together with his Brahmin friend.

• B. Answer the following questions:

• a. What were the causes of Abdul Kalam’s happiness?

Abdul Kalam was happy because he scored full marks in Mathematics, Science, English, and Tamil, and his teacher took the time to visit his home to share this good news with his family.

• b. Which two places did Abdul Kalam visit before going to school?

Abdul Kalam visited the Arabic tuition class and his Mathematics teacher’s house before going to school.

c. What did he like about mathematics?

Abdul Kalam loved learning about numbers, their rules, and patterns, and he enjoyed grappling with complex problems.

d. Why was the new teacher unhappy?

The new teacher was unhappy because he noticed that Abdul Kalam, a Muslim, and Ramanadhan, a Brahmin, were sitting together, which he believed was inappropriate due to their religious backgrounds.

e. Why did Abdul Kalam have to split with his intimate friend?

Abdul Kalam had to split with his friend because the new teacher made him move to another seat, separating him from Ramanadhan

f. What was the topic of Sivasubramania Iyer’s class?

The topic of Sivasubramania Iyer’s class was how birds fly, including concepts like lift and drag.

g. How was the teacher’s reaction when the students told him that they did not understand his lecture?

The teacher was not upset at all; instead, he took their feedback positively and planned a practical lesson to help them understand better.

h. Why did Sivasubramania Iyer take his students to the seashore?

He took his students to the seashore to provide a practical demonstration of how birds fly, allowing them to observe the birds in action.

Critical Thinking

a. APJ Abdul Kalam became a renowned aerospace scientist in his later life. Do you find any association of his childhood days in shaping his career? Explain with specific instances from the text.

Abdul Kalam's childhood experiences, such as his early love for mathematics and his teacher's encouragement, played a crucial role in shaping his career. His determination to learn complex problems and his fascination with flight dynamics, sparked by Sivasubramania Iyer's practical lesson at the seashore, directly influenced his future studies and career path in aerospace science.

b. Kalam mentions an instance of discrimination against him in his school life. What picture of society does he want to depict by mentioning the incident? Discuss.

By mentioning the incident of discrimination, Kalam highlights the societal divisions based on religion that can affect childhood friendships and learning environments. He emphasizes the importance of unity and understanding among different communities, suggesting that children should grow up free from such divisions to foster harmony and collaboration in society.

Writing

Write a short autobiography featuring your childhood life using the following guidelines:

I was born on July 12,2005 in Pokhara. I grew up in a loving family with my parents,an elder brother and a sister. My daily life was filled with waking up late in the morning,playing with friends in the field and swimming in the nearby brook.

I attended a Community school, where I enjoyed subjects like English,maths,science and made lifelong friends.

One of my most cherished memories is the gathering in the afternoon with shepherds and playing volleyball,Dandiyo and hide and seek in the terraced field.

Grammar

Connectives

A. Study the following sentences and underline the connectives.

a. Although she spoke very fast, I understood what she meant to say.

b. In spite of her hard labout, she failed her exam.

c. Though he had all the required qualifications, he did not get the job.

d. Despite having all the qualifications, he did not get the job.

B. Join the following pairs of sentences:

a. Although he is a millionaire, he lives in a simple house.

He lives in a simple house in spite of being a millionaire.

b. Although the weather was extremely bad, the pilot landed the plane safely.

The pilot landed the plane safely in spite of the extremely bad weather.

c. Although we study in the same college, we hardly see each other.

We hardly see each other in spite of studying in the same college.

d. Although it rained heavily, we enjoyed our holiday.

We enjoyed our holiday in spite of the heavy rain.

e. Although I had an umbrella, I got wet in the rain.

I got wet in the rain in spite of having an umbrella.

f. Although I was really tired, I could not sleep a moment.

I could not sleep a moment in spite of being really tired.

g. Although she has a very good accent in English, she failed the interview of a newsreader.

She failed the interview of a newsreader in spite of having a very good accent in English.

h. Although Lhasa has extremely cold weather in winter, millions of tourists go there in January.

Millions of tourists go to Lhasa in January in spite of its extremely cold weather in winter.

i. Although he was badly injured in the first round of the boxing match, he was victorious in the third round.

He was victorious in the third round in spite of being badly injured in the first round.

C. Complete each sentence in an appropriate way(with answer)

a. He passed the exam although he did not study much.

b. She climbed the mountain in spite of her fear of heights.

c. He did not give any alms to the beggars even though he had plenty of money.

d. In spite of his poor eyesight, he managed to read the book.

e. She is often lonely, though she is very sociable.

f. He did not succeed in spite of his ten attempts.

g. He refused to eat anything despite being very hungry.

h. He could not score good grades in the SEE exams in spite of studying hard.

i. She accepted the job although the salary was low.

j. Even though we had planned everything carefully, things did not go as expected

B. Work in pairs. Have conversions in the following situations.

Use sure, probably, definitely, likely, certainly, undoubtedly, may/might, must or can’t

• My father had gone to the station but he has not returned home yet.

A: My father had gone to the station, but he hasn't returned home yet.

B: He must have been delayed by something.

b. It’s a holiday and their car is at home.

A: It's a holiday, and their car is still at home.

B: They must be staying in today.

c. He speaks with a German accent.

A: He speaks with a German accent.

B: He must be from Germany.

d. You do not find the phone in your pocket.

A: I can't find my phone in my pocket!

B: You must have left it somewhere.

e. You are sure that Dolma is not in her school.

A: I’m sure Dolma isn’t in her school today.

B: She must be at home, then.

f. You are expecting Suman to visit you. Then the doorbell rings.

A: I’m expecting Suman to visit me today.(Doorbell rings)

B: That must be Suman at the door!

g. The sky is overcast.

A: The sky is overcast today.

B: It’s likely to rain soon.

Education is the Foundation of Development

"Good morning

respected judges, teachers, and my dear friends.

Today, I stand before you to speak on a topic that holds the key to the progress of not just individuals, but entire nations: "Education is the Foundation of Development."When we think about development, what comes to mind? Tall skyscrapers, advanced technology, economic prosperity? Yes, these are all visible signs of development. But what is the root cause that makes all of these possible? It is education.

Education is the bedrock on which the pillars of development stand. It is the light that guides us from the darkness of ignorance to the brightness of knowledge. Without education, the dreams of progress, innovation, and growth are nothing but castles in the air.Firstly, education empowers individuals. It gives us the tools to understand the world around us, to think critically, and to make informed decisions. An educated person is not just someone who can read and write, but someone who can question, analyze, and contribute meaningfully to society. Imagine a world where people are educated—poverty, inequality, and corruption would drastically reduce, as educated individuals would be aware of their rights and responsibilities, and more importantly, would have the skills to improve their own lives and those of others.

Secondly, education drives economic development. History has shown us that countries with high literacy rates tend to have stronger economies. Why? Because education fosters innovation. It leads to the creation of new ideas, new industries, and new solutions to problems. An educated workforce is a skilled workforce—one that can adapt to changes, drive productivity, and contribute to the growth of the economy. In essence, education is the engine that powers economic prosperity.Thirdly, education is essential for social development. It promotes values such as tolerance, equality, and respect for others. Through education, we learn to appreciate diversity, to understand different cultures, and to work together towards common goals. A society that values education is a society that values peace and harmony. Education helps us to break down the barriers of prejudice and ignorance, leading to a more inclusive and just world.However, while education is the foundation of development, we must also recognize that this foundation needs to be strong and accessible to all. Unfortunately, millions of children and adults around the world are still deprived of basic education. This is a challenge we must overcome if we are to achieve true development. Governments, organizations, and individuals must work together to ensure that everyone, regardless of their background, has the opportunity to receive a quality education.In conclusion, let us remember that education is not just a right, but a powerful tool for transformation. It is the foundation upon which we can build a future of progress, prosperity, and peace. If we invest in education, we invest in development. And by doing so, we invest in a brighter tomorrow for all of humanity.Thank you.

Class :12 Grade 12

English Summary

Unit 6 to 8 in simple words

NEB Guide to English

• QR Codes: summary in simple words

• QR codes, or Quick Response codes, are becoming more common for payments, especially in Asia, with their origins in Japan and China. The international standard for QR codes was set in 2000, and they became popular with smartphones to access information. Companies like Tencent and Alibaba developed their own QR code payment systems, and an industry standard was established in 2017. QR codes were integrated into social media, such as WeChat, for easy payments and social connections.

In face-to-face payments, QR codes can be presented by either the customer or the merchant. The customer’s code can be scanned by the merchant, or the customer can scan the merchant’s code to complete the payment. This method is used by services like AliPay and WeChat Pay, which are mainly used within their own platforms. However, more open systems exist, like in Singapore, where QR codes link to bank accounts.

Visa and Mastercard have also launched QR code payment services in various countries, focusing on emerging markets. These services require a bank to participate and are mainly for bank customers with Visa or Mastercard. QR codes in payments have some security concerns, like the risk of criminals replacing the merchant’s code with their own. To prevent fraud, merchants' IDs and digital signatures are used to ensure the authenticity of the transaction.

Unit 7 Humour

Why do we laugh inappropriately?

Summary in simple words

• Sophie Scott, a neuroscientist, has dedicated her research to understanding the complexities of laughter. Despite initial skepticism from her colleagues, Scott's work highlights the importance of laughter as a social tool rather than just a reaction to humor. Through her studies, she discovered that people often laugh not because something is funny, but as a way to bond with others, showing agreement or solidarity. This social laughter is a key indicator of relationship strength and helps to ease tension, especially in close relationships.

Scott also found that laughter is highly contagious; people are 30 times more likely to laugh when they are with others, thanks to the brain's mirror regions that mimic actions, making laughter spread quickly in groups. Her research also distinguishes between genuine, spontaneous laughter and more posed, social laughs, noting that people’s ability to differentiate between the two improves with age.

Scott’s fascination with laughter extends to how it impacts various settings, such as comedy clubs, where laughter creates a shared experience between the comedian and the audience. Despite the seemingly trivial nature of laughter, Scott argues that it is a powerful and meaningful form of communication that plays a significant role in our social interactions.

Unit:8 Human culture

Land of Plenty

Summary in simple words

In Japan, "sodaigomi" refers to bulky garbage that residents dispose of on specific nights at designated areas on street corners. These items are too large for regular trash collection and include things like sofas, refrigerators, and other large household goods. The author, who recently moved to Yokohama, describes how these sodaigomi nights became a significant part of their life and offered an insightful glimpse into Japanese culture and their own values.

Residents of Yokohama, for instance, place their sodaigomi out on specified nights, and it's often a mixed experience. The author, who recently moved from Malaysia, found this practice both intriguing and disconcerting. In Malaysia, used goods are rarely discarded, whereas, in Japan, the desire for freshness leads to a steady stream of usable items being thrown away. Initially, the author, lacking their own furniture and unable to afford new items, found it tempting to collect discarded goods from sodaigomi piles. They gradually adapted, understanding that sodaigomi is part of a cycle where giving and receiving balance out. They also learned that even Japanese people sometimes overlook their discomfort with second-hand items.

Eventually, the author came to terms with their actions and found a balance, understanding that while they might appear conspicuous, discretion and respect for the local culture helped them navigate this unique practice.

Unit 9 Ecology and Environment

Living in a Redwood Tree

Summary in simple words

Julia Butterfly Hill spent 738 days living in a 200-foot-tall redwood tree named Luna to protest the clearcutting of California’s redwood forests. Hill, who had survived a severe car accident and undergone a profound personal transformation, was deeply moved by the majestic redwoods and resolved to protect them. Her tree-sitting involved enduring harsh conditions with no heat, electricity, or luxuries, relying on a solar-powered phone, a propane stove, and basic platforms for shelter.

During her time in Luna, Hill faced numerous challenges, including harsh weather, harassment from the logging company, and the constant threat of falling trees. Despite the difficulties, she found strength and inspiration in the tree itself and resolved to continue her stand against deforestation. Her commitment brought significant attention to the environmental issue and inspired many, including notable figures and school children.

Hill's efforts, along with those of her supporters, ultimately led to an agreement that saved Luna and other trees. Her story remains a powerful example of dedicated activism and the impact of personal sacrifice in environmental protection.

‘A. Matching Words with Their Meanings’

1. ‘Prominent’ - vi. standing out so as to be seen easily, conspicuous

2. ‘Vulnerable’ - iv. exposed to the possibility of being attacked/harmed

3. ‘Potentially’ - viii. with the capacity to develop or happen in the future

4. ‘Transaction’ - i. an instance of buying or selling of something

5. ‘Initiatives’ - ii. the power or opportunity to do something before others do

6. ‘Launched’ - iii. to introduce a new plan or product

7. ‘Enduring’ - ix. lasting over a period of time; durable

8. ‘Robust’ - v. strong and unlikely to break or fall

‘B. Full Forms of Abbreviations’

1. ‘QR’ - Quick Response

2. ‘ISO’ - International Organization for Standardization

3. ‘IEC’ - International Electrotechnical Commission

4. ‘URLs’ - Uniform Resource Locators

5. ‘EMVCo’ - Europay, Mastercard, and Visa Consortium

6. ‘PIN’ - Personal Identification Number

‘C. Pronunciation of Words’

• 1. /ʊ/: put, push, hood, full, bull, book, foot, hook, cook, should, soot, stood, look.

• 2. /u:/ : boom, fool, food, loose, boost, groom, moon, soon, room, soothe.

‘A. True/False/Not Given’

1. The system of QR codes was first launched in South Asia. ‘True’

2. The standards of payments via QR codes were approved by EMVCo. ‘True’

3. All sorts of businesses are aided by the QR code payments. ‘True’

4. There are several models to the QR code payment service. ‘True’

5. In countries like Nepal, the QR code paying system is a complete fiasco. ‘Not Given’

6. The QR codes payment service is not applicable to small businesses. ‘False’

‘B. Answer the Following Questions’

1. ‘How can one pay with QR codes paying system?’

- One can pay with a QR code payment system by either presenting a QR code to the merchant for scanning or scanning a QR code presented by the merchant. The payment is processed via a mobile app linked to the customer’s bank account.

2. ‘How did Tencent and Alibaba companies utilize the QR code services at the beginning?’

- Tencent used QR codes as an integration service for WeChat, allowing users to 'friend' others by scanning QR codes. Alibaba adopted QR codes for payments through its Alipay service, facilitating transactions in both face-to-face and remote environments.

3. ‘How do the QR code-based payment services launched by Visa and Mastercard mitigate payment problems?’

- Visa and Mastercard’s QR code payment services require customers to verify the transaction details, such as the merchant’s name and transaction value, and secure the transaction using a PIN, ensuring payment accuracy and reducing fraud risks.

4. ‘Why do we need a scheme operator to run the QR code-based payment system?’

- A scheme operator is needed to manage the branding, set scheme rules, handle disputes, and ensure the smooth acquisition and settlement of transactions, providing a secure and efficient payment environment.

5. ‘What basic requirements are needed to use the QR code services?’

- The basic requirements include a smartphone, a mobile banking app linked to a debit or credit card, and an account with a bank that has enrolled in the QR code payment scheme.

6. ‘How can security concerns related to payment via QR codes be addressed?’

- Security concerns can be addressed by using digital signatures, authenticating merchant IDs and names, and real-time payment notifications, ensuring the legitimacy of transactions and preventing fraud.

7. ‘Who should be more careful: customer or the merchant in terms of payment issues? Why?’

- Both the customer and the merchant should be careful. The customer needs to verify the transaction details to avoid fraud, while the merchant should ensure the authenticity of the QR code and verify payment receipts to prevent losses.

8. ‘Do you think the QR code-based payment can be a panacea for all sorts of payment problems? Why?’

- While QR code-based payments offer convenience and security, they may not solve all payment problems. Challenges like digital literacy, security vulnerabilities, and access to technology must be addressed for it to be a comprehensive solution.

‘Critical Thinking’

‘a. What should be done to make QR code payment systems more accessible in Nepal?’

- To make QR code payment systems more accessible in Nepal, there should be widespread awareness campaigns to educate the public about the benefits and usage of QR codes. Collaborations with banks and financial institutions to integrate QR code payments into their services are essential. Additionally, improving digital infrastructure, offering incentives to businesses to adopt QR code payments, and ensuring easy access to smartphones and internet services would also play a crucial role in increasing accessibility.

‘b. Is it possible to apply cashless methods in payments in Nepal? Discuss.’

- Yes, it is possible to apply cashless methods in payments in Nepal, but it requires overcoming several challenges. The growing penetration of smartphones and internet services creates a foundation for digital payments. However, efforts must be made to improve digital literacy, especially in rural areas, and build trust in digital payment systems. Government policies and incentives can further encourage the adoption of cashless methods. Despite these challenges, the convenience, security, and efficiency of digital payments make them a viable alternative to cash, especially in urban areas.

‘A. Punctuate the Paragraph’

It was a cold, freezing day. It had been snowing all day in New York. Mr. Tim Cook and I went outside to play in the snow. We had not seen much snow since we went skiing in Sweden last year. Mrs. Smith was right because she had said that we’d see snow the next day. We had really a wonderful time there, didn’t we?

B. News Article on Digital Payment Systems in Nepal’

‘Digital Payment Systems on the Rise in Nepal’

Kathmandu, August 2024 - As the world increasingly shifts towards digital transactions, Nepal is witnessing a significant rise in the adoption of digital payment systems. From QR code-based payments in retail shops to mobile banking apps for online purchases, the country's financial landscape is gradually embracing the convenience and efficiency of cashless transactions.

The surge in digital payments can be attributed to the growing penetration of smartphones and internet access, even in semi-urban areas. Leading financial institutions have been quick to adopt mobile banking platforms, enabling users to perform various transactions, including bill payments, fund transfers, and online shopping, with just a few taps on their devices.

Government initiatives and private sector efforts are also playing a crucial role in promoting digital payments. The introduction of QR code payment systems in local markets and small businesses has made cashless transactions more accessible to the general public. This is particularly evident in urban centers like Kathmandu and Pokhara, where an increasing number of merchants now offer QR code payment options to their customers.

Despite these advancements, challenges remain. A significant portion of the population still relies on cash due to limited digital literacy and lack of access to banking services in remote areas. To address this, efforts are being made to enhance digital literacy through educational campaigns and to expand financial services to underserved regions.

As Nepal continues to navigate its path toward a digital economy, the future looks promising. With continued investment in digital infrastructure and efforts to build public trust in these systems, digital payments are set to become a cornerstone of the country's economic development

Grammar’

‘A. Types of Questions’

1. ‘Do you like this country?’ - Yes/No Question

2. ‘Where is she from?’ - Wh-Question

3. ‘How many eggs do we need for this cake?’ - Wh-Question

4. ‘Whose children are playing in the yard?’ - Wh-Question

5. ‘Does she like ice cream or sweets?’ - Choice Question

6. ‘She sent him an invitation, didn’t she?’ - Tag Question

7. ‘Could you tell me if the doctor is available?’ - Indirect Question

8. ‘Do you know how tall they are?’ - Indirect Question

‘B. Complete the Sentences’

1. ‘Is’ your friend a scientist? – No, he's an artist.

2. ‘Does’ Naresh live in Kathmandu? – No, he lives in Pokhara.

3. When ‘did’ you get home? – I got home yesterday.

4. What time ‘do’ you get up? – I get up at 6:00.

5. ‘Did’ the children go to the park? – Yes, they went there after school.

6. Are ‘you’ going to school? – No, I'm going home.

7. ‘Can’ you speak Chinese? – Just a little.

8. ‘Where’ did you grow up? – I grew up in Okhaldhunga.

‘C. Make Wh-Questions’

1. ‘Who does Romeo love?’ - Romeo loves Juliet.

2. ‘What did your mother make yesterday?’ - My mother made a delicious bread yesterday.

3. ‘Who composed the music?’ - The music was composed by Narayan Gopal.

4. ‘What are you looking for?’ - I'm looking for a new book.

5. ‘What were they talking about?’ - They were talking about the new movie.

6. ‘Where did she get the idea from?’ - She got the idea from a story.

7. ‘How does she always go to school?’ - She always goes to school on foot.

8. ‘Where does she sometimes go?’ - She sometimes goes to the cinema.

9. ‘How long have they been waiting?-They have been waiting for three hours.

D. Change these indirect questions into direct ones.

a.Could you tell me where the Market Street is?

Where is Market Street?

b. I'm longing to know what time the bank opens

What time does the bank open?

c. Do you have any idea how he's managed to get in shape so quickly?

How has he managed to get in shape so quickly?

d.I'd like to know how much this motorcycle costs these days.

How much does this motorcycle cost these days?

e. Did you notice if he had left the car in the park?

Did you notice whether he left the car in the park?

f. f. Have you found out if the train has left?

Have you found out whether the train has left?

g. I was wondering if they speak English well

Do they speak English well?

h. Would you tell us how we can get to the post office from here

How can we get to the post office from here?

i. . Do you remember if I locked the front door?

Did I lock the front door?

Choose one word from the box and one phrase from the list, and make meaningful sentences with a justification. One example has been done for you.

mustn't talk loudly

You mustn't talk loudly in the library because it disturbs others who are studying..

must study hard

You must study hard if you want to pass your exams.

needn't get up early

You needn't get up early on weekends since there are no classes.

must stop smoking

You must stop smoking to improve your health and reduce the risk of disease.

needn't wash your hair

You needn't wash your hair every day; doing it two or three times a week is sufficient.

Class :12 Grade 12

English Unit 7

Humour

Why Do We Laugh Inappropriately

A Complete Guide to the Exercies

NEB Guide to English

Working with words

A. The following words are synonyms and antonyms of the verb ‘laugh’. Group them into synonyms and antonyms.

Chuckle, chortle, grimace, crackle, frown, pout

Snicker, scowl, smile, cry, groan, moan

Sniggle, giggle, grin, sob, smirk, whoop

• Synonyms:

• chuckle

• chortle

• crackle

• snicker

• sniggle

• giggle

• grin

• smirk

• whoop

Antonyms:

Grimace

Frown

pout

Scowl

Cry

Groan

Moan

Sob

smile

B. Matching Emotions with Definitions

• fear - vi. an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harmb.

• anger - v. a strong feeling of displeasurec.

• surprise - ix. an unexpected event, fact, etc.

• disgust - i. a feeling of strong disapproval aroused by something unpleasante.

• sadness - ii. affected with grief or unhappinessf.

• happiness - iii. a pleasurable or satisfying experienceg.

• relief - viii. removal or lightening of something oppressive, painful, or distressingh.

• triumph - iv. a great victory or achievementi.

• contentment - vii. the quality or state of being satisfied

C. Situations for Different Types of Laughter

• Etiquette laughter: This is polite laughter often used in social situations to acknowledge someone's attempt at humor or to fit in with a group.

• Snorting laughter: A type of laughter that comes out as a snort, often when trying to suppress a laugh or when something is unexpectedly funny.

• Stress-relieving laughter: Laughter that occurs in response to tension or stress, helping to reduce anxiety and improve mood.

• Silent laughter: Laughter without sound, often seen when someone is trying to laugh quietly or in situations where loud laughter might be inappropriate.

• Nervous laughter: Laughter that occurs during awkward or uncomfortable situations, often as a way to cope with stress.

• Cruel laughter: Laughter directed at someone else's misfortune or pain, often with malicious intent.

D. Syllable Count in Words

charge - 1 syllable

duty - 2 syllable

slaughter - 2 syllables

commission - 3 syllables

undertaking - 4 syllables

responsibility - 6 syllables

hilarity - 4 syllables

persistent - 3 syllables

infectious - 3 syllables

ephemeral - 4 syllable

Comprehension

• Completing the Sentences.

• According to Sophie Scott, laughter is one of the important and misunderstood behaviors.

b. After her study in Namibia, Scott came to the realization that laughter is a universal emotion that is easily recognized across different cultures.

c. Studies have shown that there are six universal emotions based on facial expressions.

d. Scott found out that most of the laughs have nothing to do with humor.

e. The couples who laugh at each other are likely to stay together longer and find it easier to dissipate tension.

f. The primary way of communication of grown-up people is laughter.

g. Comedians usually find it easier to work in larger places due to the contagious nature of laughter spreading more easily among larger crowds.

B. Answering Questions

• Why do people giggle at someone’s pain or suffering?

People giggle at someone’s pain or suffering because laughter can be a reflexive, social response, especially when they see that the person is not seriously hurt. It's a way to relieve the tension of the situation and bond with others through a shared reaction.

b. What did Scott’s study in Namibia come up with?

Scott’s study in Namibia found that laughter is a universally recognized emotion across different cultures, and it is more easily identified than other positive emotions.

c. How is laughter a social bonding?

Laughter acts as a social bonding tool by showing others that you like them, agree with them, or feel a connection to them. It helps to strengthen relationships and create a sense of unity within a group.

d. According to the author, what role does laughter play in husband-wife relationships?Laughter plays a crucial role in husband-wife relationships by helping to dissipate tension after stressful events and contributing to the longevity of the relationship. Couples who laugh together are more likely to stay together.

e. How does laughter work as a painkiller?

Laughter works as a painkiller by triggering the release of endorphins, which are natural pain relievers that also enhance social bonding.

f. What did the study find about the relation between laughter and the brain?

The study found that laughter, especially spontaneous laughter, activates the brain’s mirror regions, which are involved in mimicking others’ actions. This neural mimicry might explain why laughter is so contagious.

g. What are two emotions that the author associates with infants and adults?

The two emotions associated are crying for infants and laughter for adults.

h. How does a stand-up comedian take the audience’s laughter?

A stand-up comedian interacts with the audience’s laughter as part of the performance, often using it to gauge the success of their jokes and maintain a rhythm in their delivery.

• Show the relation between laughter and the crowd.

Laughter is more contagious in a crowd, where the presence of more people can amplify the response. In larger crowds, laughter can spread more easily, creating waves of mirth that enhance the overall experience.

j. What does the author mean when he says, “there is always a meaning to it?”

The author means that laughter, although it may seem trivial, always carries a social or emotional significance. It reflects underlying feelings, relationships, and social dynamics, making it an important form of communication.

Critical Thinking

• Do you agree that ‘the couples, who laugh together, stay together?’ Is it important for married couples to have the same sense of humor? Why?

Yes, I agree that couples who laugh together are more likely to stay together. Shared laughter strengthens the emotional bond and helps in resolving conflicts more effectively. Having the same sense of humor is important because it allows couples to connect on a deeper level, enjoy each other’s company, and navigate through tough times with a positive outlook.

b. Some people believe that sometimes crying is good for health. Do you believe it?

Give your reasons.Yes, I believe that crying can be good for health. It acts as an emotional release, helping to alleviate stress and sadness. Crying triggers the release of endorphins, which can improve mood and provide a sense of relief. It’s a natural way to process and express deep emotions, which can be cathartic and healing.

Writing

• Paragraph Narrating an Event Involving Contagious Laughter

There was a time during a family gathering when my cousin shared a hilarious story about his recent misadventure with a self-checkout machine at a grocery store. He had somehow managed to confuse the machine into thinking he was buying 50 kilograms of bananas instead of 5. As he narrated the incident, complete with exaggerated gestures and funny voices, everyone in the room burst into uncontrollable laughter. What made it even more contagious was the way each person’s laughter fueled the others. Soon, we were all wiping tears from our eyes, laughing so hard that our stomachs hurt. Even those who hadn’t heard the beginning of the story were laughing along, purely because the atmosphere was so joyous and infectious.

B. Description of a Favorite Comedian

My favorite comedian is John Mulaney, known for his sharp wit, impeccable timing, and relatable humor. His personality is charming and slightly self-deprecating, which makes him instantly likable. Mulaney’s performance style is characterized by his unique storytelling ability, where he often reflects on his own experiences with a humorous twist. What sets him apart is his ability to find humor in everyday situations, making even the most mundane events seem hilariously absurd. His delivery is clean and polished, yet it feels effortless, as if he’s just chatting with friends. John Mulaney’s comedy is timeless, appealing to a wide audience because of its cleverness and universal relatability.

B. Rewriting Sentences with Frequency Adverbs

• I sometimes forget to do my homework.

b.My father has never touched an alcoholic drink in his life.

c. My father often goes for a walk on Saturdays.

d. We go to the movie theatre occasionally.

e. My brother is in America. He telephones us from time to time.

f. My mother always gets up at five o’clock.

g. He does not like alcoholic drinks but now and then takes some wine.

h. I generally drink my tea with milk.

• Have you ever been to Agra?

j. The restaurant hours frequently vary as it is booked for special events.

Class :12 Grade 12

English Unit 8

Human Culture

Land of Poetry

A Complete Guide to the Exercies

NEB Guide to English

Working with Words

• Complete the sentences:

• The annual report has caused acute embarrassment to the government.

b. Ellen has worn high-heels. She is teetering.

c. Look! The poor horse is dragging a heavy load.

d. As they approached the outskirts of the city, Ella's mood visibly lightened.

e. The parcel was wrapped in plain brown paper. It still looks attractive.

f. Fruits and vegetables grow in abundance in the Terai region.

g. They can extract precious medicines from ordinary substances.

B. Word Formation

C. Add suffixes

Neighbour + hood = Neighbourhood (noun)

Comfort + able = Comfortable (adjective)

Shop + er = Shopper (noun)

Husk + y = Husky (adjective)

Squeamish + ness = Squeamishness (noun)

Change + able = Changeable (adjective)

Shine + y = Shiny (adjective)

Colloquial + ism = Colloquialism (noun)

Collect + ion = Collection (noun)

Embarrass + ment = Embarrassment (noun)

Persuade + ive = Persuasive (adjective)

Type + ical = Typical (adjective)

Differ + ent = Different (adjective)

Ship + ment = Shipment (noun)

Tropic + al = Tropical (adjective)

Drive + er = Driver (noun)

Reside + ent = Resident (noun)

D. Sentences with Waste Management Vocabulary

Sewage: The city’s sewage system is in dire need of an upgrade.

Sludge: The treatment plant processes the sludge into compost.

Organic waste: Organic waste should be composted rather than sent to the landfill.

Inorganic waste: Inorganic waste like plastic takes hundreds of years to decompose.

Methane: Methane gas is a potent greenhouse gas released from landfills.

Waste reduction: Waste reduction is crucial for sustainable living.

Monofil: The monofil landfill site is nearing its capacity.

Market waste: Market waste contributes significantly to urban pollution.

Incineration: Incineration is one method of waste disposal, but it has environmental impacts.

Hazardous waste: Hazardous waste must be disposed of carefully to avoid environmental contamination.

Answer the questions:

• How does the author describe the Japanese waste management system?

The author describes the Japanese waste management system as highly organized, where residents separate their waste into different categories, and sodaigomi nights are specifically for disposing of bulky items that are too large for regular trash collection.

b.What are the two reasons behind the existence of sodaigomi in Japanese culture?

The two reasons behind the existence of sodaigomi in Japanese culture are the small size of typical Japanese houses, which lack storage space, and the cultural preference for new and pure items, leading people to dispose of items that have been used.

c.What, according to the author, do the Japanese feel at the thought of buying second hand items?

According to the author, the Japanese feel uncomfortable and embarrassed at the thought of buying second-hand items, viewing them as impure or unclean.

d.How is Malaysian culture different from Japanese culture concerning the used items?

Malaysian culture differs from Japanese culture concerning used items as Malaysians value reusing and repurposing items, whereas the Japanese prefer new items and are reluctant to buy second-hand goods

e. Why did the author feel awkward at the sodaigomi pile?

• The author felt awkward at the sodaigomi pile because they were new to Japan and had come from a culture where reusing items was common, contrasting with the Japanese preference for new items.

f. How many articles did the author bring to his house one after another?

The author brought several articles to his house, including a plastic lawn chair, a low Japanese tea table, a bell for a bicycle, a wooden cupboard, a set of wrenches and screwdrivers, a barstool, a lacquer serving tray, and a black-and-white TV.

g. Why do most people try to find things in trash pile ‘in the dead of the

night’?

Most people try to find things in the trash pile "in the dead of the night" to avoid being seen and to avoid the embarrassment associated with taking items from the trash in a culture that values newness.

h. How did the author’s family assimilate Japanese culture in using consumer

goods?

The author’s family assimilated Japanese culture in using consumer goods by initially taking items from sodaigomi, but eventually, they participated in the cycle of giving and receiving, contributing items back to the pile when they no longer needed them.

Critical thinking

• If you happen to be in Japan someday, will you collect articles from sodaigomi? Why or why not?

• If I were in Japan, I might consider collecting articles from sodaigomi if I found something useful and in good condition. However, I would be discreet about it, respecting the cultural norms of the area.

b. There are some second hand shops in Nepal, too. But, people are not much

interested in them. What practice would be suitable in managing second hand

items in Nepal?

In Nepal, a suitable practice for managing second-hand items could include establishing community-based thrift stores or donation centers where people can exchange or purchase used items at affordable prices. This would reduce waste and encourage a culture of reuse.

Writing

A. Write a paragraph elaborating the idea of 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) in

garbage management.

• .Paragraph on 3Rs:

• The concept of 3Rs—Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle—is essential for effective garbage management. Reducing waste means consuming less and choosing products with minimal packaging. Reusing involves finding new ways to use items instead of discarding them. Recycling converts waste materials into new products, thereby saving resources and reducing pollution. Together, these practices help minimize the amount of waste that ends up in landfills, conserve natural resources, and promote environmental sustainability

B. Garbage management is a big problem in most of the cities in Nepal. Write a

letter to the editor to be published in the daily newspaper suggesting the ways of ‘Solving Garbage Problems.’

New Road,Pokhara

25th August 2024

The Editor

The Rising Nepal

Maharajgung,Kathmandu

Subject: Solving Garbage Problems in Urban Areas

Dear Sir,

I am writing to draw attention to the growing garbage problem in our cities. The lack of proper waste management has led to heaps of trash on the streets, posing health risks and environmental hazards. I suggest implementing a more organized waste segregation system, promoting recycling, and encouraging community participation in keeping our cities clean.

The government should also invest in modern waste treatment facilities to handle the increasing volume of waste efficiently. Public awareness campaigns are necessary to educate citizens on the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling waste.

Sincerely,

D.B.Sharma

Grammar

B. Complete the sentences:

• This house is very small. I want to buy a much bigger one.

• b. I liked the magic show. It was far more exciting than I’d expected.

• c. It was very cold yesterday. It’s a bit warmer today.

• d. The warmer the weather, the better I feel.

• e. An average American earns considerably more than an average Nepali.

• f. Health care in Nepal is not as expensive as it is in the US.

• g. I think the problem is far more complicated than it seems.

• h. You are driving very fast. Would you please drive a bit more slowly?

• i. Your handwriting is not legible. Can you write a bit neater?

C. Rewrite the sentences:(answer only)

• He is not as intelligent as he pretends to be.

• I’m not as busy today as I was yesterday.

• Bikram has lived in Kathmandu for twice as long as Hari.

• I don’t study as many hours as I used to.

• In fact, it’s the best room in our hotel.

• He spends more than he earns.

• Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

• It was not as far as I thought.

• Complete the sentences

• Nitesh thought that the party would be more exciting than it turned out to be.

• The party was not as exciting as Nitesh had thought it would be. (not)

• Nimesh doesn't speak English nearly as well now as he used to.

Nimesh used to speak English much better than he does now. (much)

d.There is not much difference between your essay and mine.

Your essay is very similar to mine. (very)

e.We have similar opinions on global warming.

Our opinions on climate change are quite common. (quite)

f.The journals' titles are absolutely identical.

The journals have exactly the same titles. (exactly)

f. Our ideas on how to change the school have absolutely nothing in common.

We have completely different ideas on how to change the school. (different)

g. Compared to his holiday, mine was luxurious.

My holiday was more luxurious than his was. (than)

• B. Asking about similarities and differences

• a. Is this brand of laptop exactly the same as that one? Are both models really identical?

• b. Is playing the guitar similar to playing the piano?

• c. What's the difference between watching a movie at home and watching it in a theater?

• d. How similar are the traditions in your country and in neighboring countries?

• e. How different are summer and winter in terms of weather and activities?

C. Comparing and contrasting two things

• What are the differences between letters and emails?

Letters are more formal and take longer to send, while emails are faster and can be less formal. Letters are often handwritten or printed, whereas emails are digital and can be sent to multiple recipients at once.

b. What are the differences between living in the city and in the countryside?

Living in the city usually means more access to amenities, jobs, and entertainment but also more noise and pollution. The countryside offers a quieter, more peaceful environment with closer proximity to nature but often with fewer services and job opportunities.

• c. How are the houses today different from the ones in the past?

• Modern houses are often built with new materials and technologies, featuring open floor plans and energy-efficient designs. In contrast, houses in the past were typically smaller, built with traditional materials, and had separate rooms for different functions.

• d. What changes have you seen in the past few years in your town/village?In the past few years, I've seen new buildings and infrastructure development, such as roads and shopping centers. There has also been an increase in population and a shift towards more modern conveniences, although some traditional practices remain.

• e. Do young and old people like listening to the same kind of radio programmes?

• Young people tend to prefer modern music and entertainment programs, while older people might enjoy news, talk shows, and music from past decades. However, there can be overlaps, such as popular culture topics that appeal to all ages

• Report on Visiting a Second-Hand Shop

• Last week, I spoke with my friend, Sarah, who recently visited a second-hand shop in our city. Sarah shared that the experience was surprisingly positive. She initially went in search of a vintage piece of furniture and was amazed by the variety of items available. The shop was well-organized, and the staff was helpful in guiding her through the selections. Sarah found a beautiful, well-maintained wooden coffee table at a fraction of the price of a new one. She appreciated the sustainable aspect of buying second-hand and felt satisfied with her purchase. Overall, she enjoyed the visit and plans to return in the future for more unique finds.

Class:12

English Guide

Unit 9

Ecology and Environment

Reading

Living in a Redwood Tree

Solution to all the exercises

• Working with Words

• A. Fill in the blanks with the correct words:

• a. Logging is one of the main reasons behind the rapid deforestation in the world.

• b. That's one example of how the pandemic should be a wake-up call.

• c. Propane is a gas used as a fuel for cooking and heating.

• d. Emergency teams are still clearing the debris from the plane crash.

• e. What a transformation! You look great.

• f. My father made a New Year resolution to give up smoking.

g. He has worked in the Army for two years. He hates that two-year stint.

h. Emissions from the factory are widely suspected of having a detrimental effect on health.

• My father is an occasional smoker. He doesn't smoke often.

j. Redwood is a very tall type of tree that grows especially in California and Oregon

B. Compound Words

Rattlesnake

Sunflower

Touchdown

Moonlight

Daydream

Fireworks

Watermelon

Basketball

Passport

Washcloth

Weather man

Grandmother

Match the following words/phrases with their meanings:

• Sustainability - ii. to keep in existence; maintain. To supply with necessities or nourishment

b. Tree line - i. the height on a mountain above which the climate is too cold for trees to grow

c. Precipitation - iv. water that returns to the earth as rain, hail, sleet, or snow

d. Tropical zone - x. the region between latitudes 23.5 degrees S and 23.5 degrees N

e. Kyoto Protocol - iii. an agreement between countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. It was established in Japan in 1997 but didn't become international law until 2004

f. Pollutants - vii. substances that destroy the purity of air, water, or land

g. Geosphere - vi. the soils, sediments, and rock layers of the Earth's crust, both continental and beneath the ocean floorsh.

h.Deciduous - ix. a plant that sheds all or nearly all its leaves each year

• Ephemeral - viii. an organism that has a short life cycle

j. Trash - v. items that are discarded

Comprehension

• Choose the best answer:

• The author of the text above has the opinion that Julia Hill:

• did a wonderful job

b. The sentence ‘Julia had occasional visitors’ indicates she had:

ii. a few visitors now and then

c. The logging company managed 24-hour security service around the tree to:

ii. discourage her from her campaign

d. Ms. Hill began to respond to the loggers with songs and conventional conversations because she:I

• had unconditional love for all nature’s creations

• e. Julia Hill climbed down the tree after 738 days Julia Hill climbed down the tree after 738 days when her demands were:

• i. fulfilled

• B. Answer the following questions:

• a. Who was Julia Butterfly Hill? How did Hill’s campaign gain popularity?

• Julia Butterfly Hill was an environmental activist who lived in a redwood tree named Luna for over two years to prevent it from being cut down. Her campaign gained popularity due to her unwavering commitment, the extreme nature of her protest, and the attention it drew from the media, environmentalists, and the public.

• b. What made Hill start her mega campaign to save redwood trees?

• After a life-changing car accident and a subsequent visit to the redwood forests, Hill felt a deep connection to the trees and was moved by their beauty and the environmental destruction they faced. This inspired her to take drastic action to protect them.

c. What kinds of amenities were there to support Hill’s life in the tree?

Hill had very basic amenities in the tree: two wooden platforms, a sleeping bag, a solar-powered cell phone, a single-burner propane stove, and some tarps for shelter. She also received occasional supplies from supporters.

d. Did Hill's value of life change after her car accident? How?

Yes, Hill’s values changed after the accident. She realized that life is not about material wealth but about the legacy one leaves behind. This shift in perspective led her to focus on protecting the environment and making a positive impact.

e. Deforestation causes natural calamities. What evidence do you have in the text to prove this?

The text mentions a mudslide near Stafford, CA, caused by clear-cutting, which destroyed homes and displaced families. This shows how deforestation can destabilize the environment and lead to natural disasters.

f. How did the logging company try to discourage Hill in the early days of her sit-in?

The logging company tried to discourage Hill by hiring 24-hour security to harass her, preventing her from receiving supplies, using a helicopter to intimidate her, and creating noise disturbances with floodlights, bugles, and air horns

• G.How were the vagaries of nature unwelcoming to Hill?

• Hill faced extreme weather conditions, including a terrifying 70-mph windstorm that nearly threw her off the tree, frostbite, lightning strikes, and thick smoke from nearby fires. These natural challenges made her stay in the tree even more difficult.

• h. What is the purpose of the author to write a review on Hill’s book? Do you think the author stands for ecological sustainability? Give reasons.

• The purpose of the author in writing the review is to highlight Julia Butterfly Hill’s inspiring story and her efforts to protect the redwood forests. Yes, the author supports ecological sustainability, as they emphasize the importance of Hill’s actions in raising awareness about deforestation and the need to protect the environment.

C. Changing Sentences into Indirect Speech

• The principal said, “You can phone from my office, Rita.”The principal told Rita that she could phone from his office.

b. “You must not neglect your duty,” said the teacher to the student.The teacher told the student that he/she must not neglect his/her duty.

c. The student said, “Sir, please, grant me leave for two days.”The student requested the teacher to grant him/her leave for two days.

d. I said to her, “Go to school or you will be fined.”I told her to go to school or she would be fined.

e. The headmaster said, “Don’t make any noise, boys.”

The headmaster instructed the boys not to make any noise.

f. “Work hard if you want to rise in life,” said the old man.The old man advised to work hard if one wanted to rise in life.

g. He said, “Goodbye, my friends!”He bid farewell to his friends.

h. She said to me, “Have a pleasant journey ahead.”She wished me a pleasant journey ahead.

• “Don’t give me the book, please,” Sharmila said.Sharmila requested not to be given the book.

j. “Where have you been these days?” she spoke on the telephone.She asked on the telephone where I had been those days.